The Code of Hammurabi was discovered in the winter of 1901-1902 by a French expedition headed by M. de Morgan. It was discovered in the ancient city of Susa. Susa was the ancient capital of the Elamite Empire.  It is believed that it was taken as a spoil of war by Shutruk-Nahhunte sometime between 1207 and 1171 B.C.  The code was written by Hammurabi, king of Babylonia, early is his reign. He ruled Babylonia for 43 years from 1728 to 1686 B.C.. Hammurabi was the sixth king of the First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite). He was considered a fair and just ruler. Hammurabi also did considerable unification of the Babylon Empire, mostly through defeating other city states along the Euphrates-Tigris River Valley.  The code is engraved on a black diorite stela (monument), that was broken into three pieces.  The original height was about eight feet, adorned on the top with a bas-relief. The relief depicts Hammurabi receiving the laws from the god of justice, the sun god Shamash.  The code was written in 21 columns on the Obverse and 28 columns on the Reverse side.  Unfortunately, the last five columns on the Obverse side were severely damaged by the Elamites. This covered sections 65-100. These have survived in other copies of the laws and have been included. The code of Hammurabi was not new laws, but rather a collection of existing laws.  The  major interest in the stela is the fact that the laws were written into a basic code of laws. The code covers all aspects of Babylonian life, criminal, civil, trade, and economics.  The laws call for swift and sometimes brutal justice.  Capital punishment was a fact of everyday life. Children were for the most part protected by the laws even though they could be sold to pay off debt. The code also protected consumers from fraud, deceit and malpractice.  Slaves are addressed throughout the code.  Another aspect of Babylonian life written into the laws was the fees or payments that could be charged by the various tradesmen and professionals.  The Prologue describes several achievements by Hammurabi.  Also described are some of the Babylonian gods, goddesses, temples and cities.  The Epilogue pronounces several curses for those whom would destroy or abolish the Code of Hammurabi.

Prologue
Column I

When the lofty Anum, king of the Anunnaki, and Enlil, lord of heaven and earth, he who determines the destiny of the land, committed the rule of all mankind to Marduk, the chief son of Enki; when they made him great among the Igigi; when they pronounced the lofty name of Babylon; when they made it famous among the quarters of the world and in its midst established an everlasting kingdom whose foundations were firm as heaven and earth-- at that time, Anum and Enlil called me, Hammurabi, exalted prince, the worshiper of gods, to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil, to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak, to go forth like the Sun over the Black Head Race, to enlighten the land and to further the welfare of the people. Hammurabi, the governor named by Enlil, am I, who brought about plenty and abundance; who made everything for Nippur-Duranki complete; the exalted supporter of E-kur; the king, who restored Eridu to its place; who purified

the sanctuary¹ of Eabzu; who stormed the four quarters of the world; who made the name of Babylon great; who rejoiced the heart of Marduk, his lord; who daily served in Esagila; of the seed royal, which Sin begat; who filled the city of Ur with plenty; the pious and suppliant one, who brought abundance to Egishnugal; the diplomatic king, obedient to the mighty Shamash; who refounded Sippar; who clothed with green the shrines of Aye; who decorated Ebabbar, which is like a heavenly dwelling; warrior, the protector of Larsa; who rebuilt Ebabbara for Shamash, his helper; the lord, who gave life to the city of Uruk; who supplied water in abundance to its habitants; who raised the head of Eanna; who brought riches to Anum and Inanna; the divine protector of the land; who collected the scattered people of Nisin; who supplied E-gal-mah with luxurious abundance; the monarch, the city king, the brother of  Za-ba-ba; who laid the foundations of the settlement of Kish; who surrounded E-mete-ur-sag with splendor; who constructed the great shrines of Inanna; the patron of the temple of Hur-sag-kalama, the grave of the enemy; whose help brings victory²;

who extended the limits of  Kutha; who enlarged Meslam in every way; the mighty bull, who gores the enemy; the beloved of Tu-tu; who made the city of Borsippa
beautiful;³ the exalted one who was untiring for the welfare of Ezida; the divine city king, wise and intelligent, who extended the settlements of Dilbat; who stored up grain for the mighty Urash; the lord adorned with scepter and crown, whom the wise god Ma-ma has clothed with complete power; who defined the confines of Kish; who made sumptuous the splendid banquets in honor of Nin-tu; the wise and perfect one, who determined the pasture and watering places for Shir-pur-la (Lagash) and Girsu; who provided large sacrifices for the Eninnu; who seizes the enemy; the favorite of the exalted Telitum (Inanna); who put into execution the laws of Hallab; who makes joyful the  heart of Ishtar glad; the illustrious prince, the lifting up of whose prayers Adad recognizes; who pacifies the heart of Adad, the warrior, in Bet-karkar; who re-established the appointments in E-ud-gal-gal; the king who gave life to Adab; the benefactor of the temple Eah; the lordly city king; the soldier who has no equal;

who presented  life to the city of Mashkan-shabrim; who poured out abundance over Meslam; the wise governor, who plumbed the depths of wisdom, who provided a hiding place for the people of Malka in their misfortune;  who founded dwelling places for them in plenty; who determined for all time the splendid sacrifices for Enki and Dam-gal-nunna, who had extended  his dominion; the city king first in rank; who subdued the settlements along the Euphrates; the warrior of Dagan, his creator; who protected the people of Mera and Tutul; the exalted prince, who makes the face of  Tishpak to shine;who established splendid banquets for Nin-a-zu; who helps his people in time of need; who establishes in security their property in Babylon; the governor of the people, the servant, whose deeds are  pleasing to Ishtar; who installed Ishtar in E-ul-mash in Akkad square; who made justice prevail and who ruled the race with right; who returned to Ashur its gracious protecting deity; who silences the growlers; the king who made the name of  Inanna glorious in E-mish-mish in Nineveh: the exalted one, who prays fervently to the great gods; the descendant of Sinmuballit, the powerful son of Sinmuballit,

the ancient seed of royalty, the powerful king, the sun of Babylon, who caused light to go forth over the lands of Sumer and Akkad; the king, who caused the four quarters of the world to render obedience; the favorite of Inanna, am I. When Marduk sent me to rule the people and to bring help to the country, I established law and justice in the land and promoted the welfare of the people. At that time (I decreed):
 
 

    If a gentleman bring an accusation against a gentleman, and charge him with murder, but cannot prove it, he, the accuser, shall be put to death.

    If a gentleman charge a gentleman with sorcery, and cannot prove it, he who is charged with sorcery shall go to the river, into the river he shall throw himself and if the river overcome him, his accuser shall take to himself his house (estate). If the river show that gentleman to be innocent and he come forth unharmed, he who charged him with sorcery shall be put to death. He who threw himself into the river shall take to himself the house of the accuser.

    If a gentleman, in a case (pending judgment), bear false (threatening) witness, or do not establish the  testimony that he has given, if that case be a case involving life, that gentleman shall be put to death.

    If a gentleman (in a case) bear witness for gain of money (as a bribe), he shall himself bear the penalty imposed in that case.

    If a judge pronounce a judgment, render a decision, deliver a verdict duly signed and sealed and afterward alter his judgment, they shall call that judge to account for the alteration of the judgment which he  had pronounced, and he shall pay twelvefold the penalty which was in said judgment ; and, in the assembly, they shall expel him from his seat of judgment, and he shall not return, and with the judges in a case he shall not take his seat.

    If a gentleman steal the property of a god (temple) or palace, that gentleman shall be put to death; and he who receives from his hand the stolen (property) shall also be put to death.

    If a gentleman purchase silver or gold, manservant or maid servant, ox, sheep or ass, or anything else from a man's son, or from a man's servant without witnesses or contracts, or if he receive (the same) in trust, that gentleman shall be put to death as a thief.

    If a gentleman steal ox or sheep, ass or pig, or boat--if it be from a god (temple) or a palace, he shall restore thirtyfold; if it be from a private citizen, he shall render tenfold. If the thief have nothing wherewith to pay he shall be put to death.

    If a gentleman, who has lost anything, find that which was lost in the possession of (another) gentleman; and the gentleman in whose possession the lost property is found say: "It was sold to me, I purchased it in the presence of witnesses;" and the owner of  the lost property say: "I will bring witnesses to identify my lost property": if the purchaser produce the seller who has sold it to him and the witnesses in whose presence he purchased it, and the owner of the lost property produce witnesses to identify his lost property, the judges shall consider their evidence. The witnesses in whose presence the purchaser was made and the witnesses to identify the lost property shall give their testimony in the presence of god. The seller shall be put to death as a thief; the owner of the lost property shall recover his lost; the purchaser shall recover from the estate of the seller the money which he paid out.

    If the purchaser do not produce the seller who sold it to him, and the witnesses in whose presence he purchased it (and) if the owner of the lost property produce witnesses to identify his lost property, the purchaser shall be put to death as a thief; the owner of the lost property shall recover his lost.

    If the owner (claimant) of the lost property do  not produce witnesses to identify his lost property, he has attempted fraud (has lied), he has stirred up strife (calumny), he shall be put to death.

    If the seller have gone to (his) fate (i.e., have died), the purchaser shall recover damages in said case fivefold from the estate of the seller.

    If the witnesses of that gentleman be not at hand, the judges shall declare a postponement for six months; and if he do not bring in his witnesses within the six months, that gentleman has attempted fraud, he shall himself bear the penalty imposed in that case.

    If a gentleman steal a gentleman's son, who is a minor, he shall be put to death.

    If a gentleman aid a male or female slave of the palace, or a male or female slave of a private citizen to escape from the city gate, he shall be put to death.

    If a gentleman harbor in his house a male or female slave who has fled from the palace or from a private citizen, and do not bring him (the slave) forth at the call of the commandant, the owner of that house shall be put to death.

    If a gentleman seize a male or female slave, a fugitive, in the field and bring that (slave) back to his owner, the owner of the slave shall pay him two shekels of silver.

    If that slave will not name his owner, he shall bring him to the palace and they shall inquire into his antecedents and they shall return him to his owner.

    If he detain that slave in his house and later the slave be found in his possession, that gentleman shall  be put to death.

    If the slave escape from the hand of his captor, that gentleman shall so declare, in the name of god, to the owner of the slave and shall go free.

    If a gentleman make a breach in a house, they shall put him to death in front of that breach and they shall thrust him therein.

    If a gentleman commit robbery and be captured, that gentleman shall be put to death.

    If the robber be not captured, the gentleman who has been robbed, shall, in the presence of god, make an itemized statement of his lost, and the city and the governor, in whose province and jurisdiction the robbery was committed, shall compensate him for whatever was lost.

    If it be a life (that is lost), the city and governor shall pay one mana of silver to his heirs.

    If a fire break out in a gentleman's house and a gentleman who goes to extinguish it cast his eye on the furniture of the owner of the house, and take the furniture of the owner of the house, that gentleman shall be thrown into the fire.

    If either an private soldier or a commissary, who is ordered to go on an errand of the king, do not go but hire a substitute and dispatch him in his stead, that private soldier or commissary shall be put to death; his hired substitute shall take to himself his (the soldier's) house.

    If an private soldier or a commissary, who is in a garrison of the king, be captured, and afterward they give his field and garden to anther and he conduct his business--if the former return and arrive in his city, they shall restore to him his field and garden and he himself shall conduct his business.

    If a private soldier or a commissary, who is in a fortress of the king, be captured (and) his son be able to conduct the business, they shall give to him the field and garden and he shall conduct the business of his father.

    If his son be too young  and be not able to conduct the business of his father, they shall give one-third of the field and of the garden to his mother, and mother shall rear him.

    If an private soldier or a commissary from the beginning of (or, on account of) (his) business neglect his field, his garden, and his house and leave them uncared for (and) another after him take his field, his garden, and his house, and conduct his business for three years; if the former return and desire (or, would manage) his field, his garden, and his house, they shall not give them to him; he who has taken (them) and conducted the business shall continue (to do so).

    If he leave (them) uncared for but one year and return, they shall give him his field, his garden, and his house and he himself shall continue his business.

    If a merchant ransom either an private soldier or a commissary who has been captured on an errand of the king, and enable him to reach his city; if there be sufficient ransom in his house, he shall ransom himself; if there not be sufficient ransom in his house, in the temple of his city he shall be ransomed; if there be not sufficient ransom in the temple of his city, the palace shall ransom him. In  no case shall his field or his garden or his house be given for his ransom.

    If a sergeant or a captain take possession of the men of levy (or, pardon a deserter) or accept and send a hired substitute on an errand of the king, that sergeant or captain shall be put to death.

    If a sergeant or a captain take the property of an private soldier, plunder an private soldier, let an private soldier for hire, present an private soldier in a judgment to a gentleman of influence, take the gift which the king has given to an private soldier, that sergeant or captain shall be put to death.

    If a gentleman buy from an private soldier the cattle or sheep which the king has given to that private soldier, he shall forfeit his money.

    In no case shall one sell the field or garden or house of an private soldier, commissary or tax-gatherer.

    If a gentleman purchase the field or garden or house of an private soldier, commissary or tax-gatherer, his deed tablet shall be broken (canceled) and he shall forfeit his money and he shall return the field, garden or house to its owner.

    An private soldier, commissary or tax-gatherer shall not deed to his wife or daughter the field, garden or house, which is his business (i.e., which is his virtue of his office), nor shall he assign them for debt.

    He may deed to his wife or daughter the field, garden or house which he has purchased and (hence) possesses, or  he may assign them for debt.

    A woman, merchant or other property-holder may sell field, garden or house. The purchaser shall conduct the business of  the field, garden or house which he has purchased.

    If a gentleman have bargained for the field, garden or house of an private soldier, commissary or tax-gather and given sureties, the private soldier, commissary or tax-gatherer shall return to his field, garden or house and shall take to himself the sureties which were given to him.

    If a gentleman rent a field for cultivation and do not produce any grain in the field, they shall call him to account, because he has performed the work required on the field, and he shall give to the owner of the field grain on the basis of the adjacent (fields).

    If he do not cultivate the field and neglect it, he shall give to the owner of the field grain on the basis of adjacent (fields) ; and the field which he has neglected, he shall break up with hoes, he shall harrow and he shall return to the owner of the field.

    If a gentleman rent an unclaimed field for three years to develop it, and neglect it and do not develop the field, in the fourth year he shall break up the field with hoes, he shall hoe and harrow it and he shall return it to the owner of the field and shall measure out ten kur of grain per eighteen iku.

    If a gentleman rent his field to a tenant for crop-rent and receive the crop-rent of his field and later Adad (i.e., the Storm God) inundate the field and carry away the produce, the loss (falls on) the tenant.

    If he have not received the rent of his field and he have rented the field for either one-half or one third (of the crop), the tenant and the owner of the field shall divide the grain which is in the field according to agreement.

    If the tenant give the cultivation of the field into the charge of another--because in a former year he has not gained a maintenance--the owner of the field shall not interfere. He would cultivate it, and his field has been cultivated and at the time of harvest he shall take grain according to his contracts.

    If a gentleman owe a debt and Adad inundate his field and carry away the produce, or, through lack of water, grain have not grown in the field, in that year he shall make any return of grain to the creditor, he shall alter his contract-tablet and he shall not pay the interest for that year.

    If a gentleman obtain money from a merchant and give (as security) to the merchant a field to be planted with grain and sesame (and) say to him: "Cultivate the field, and harvest and take to thyself the grain andsesame which is produce;" if the tenant raise the grain and sesame in the field, at the time of harvest, the owner of the field shall receive the grain and sesame which is in the field and he shall give to the merchant grain for the loan which he had obtained from him and for the interest and for the maintenance of the tenant.

    If he give (as security) a field planted with [ grain] or a field planted with sesame, the owner of the field shall receive the grain or the sesame which is in the field and he shall return the loan and its interest to the merchant.

    If he have not the money to return, he shall give to the merchant [grain or] sesame, at their market value according to the scale fixed by the king, for the loan and its interest which he has obtained from the merchant.

    If the tenant do not secure a crop of grain or sesame in his field, he shall not cancel his contract.

    If a gentleman neglect to strengthen his dyke and do not strengthen it, and a be made in his dyke and the water carry away the farm-land, the gentleman in whose dyke the break has been made shall restore the grain which he has damaged.

    If he be not able to restore the grain, they shall sell him and his goods, and the farmers whose grain the water has carried away shall share (the results of the sale).

    If a gentleman open his canal for irrigation and neglect it and the water carry away an adjacent field, he shall measure out the grain on the basis of the adjacent fields.

    If a gentleman open up the water and the water carry away the improvements of an adjacent field, he shall measure out ten kur of grain per eighteen iku.

    If a shepherd have not come to agreement with the owner of a field to pasture his sheep on the grass; and if he pasture his sheep on the field without the consent of the owner, the owner of the field shall harvest his field, and the shepherd who has pastured his sheep on the field without consent of the owner of the field shall give over and above twenty kur of grain per eighteen iku to the owner of the field.

    If, after the sheep have gone up from the meadow, when the whole flock has been shut within the city gate, the shepherd turn the sheep into the field, and pasture the sheep on the filed, the shepherd shall oversee the field on which he pastures and at the time of harvest he shall measure out sixty kur of grain per eighteen iku to the owner of the field.

    If a gentleman cut down a tree in a man's orchard, without the consent of the owner of the orchard, he shall pay one-half mana of silver.

    If a gentleman give a field to a gardener to plant as an orchard and the gardener plant the orchard and care for the orchard four years, in the fifth year the owner of the orchard and the gardener shall share equally; the owner of the orchard shall mark off his portion and take it.

    If the gardener do not plant the whole field, but leave a space waste, they shall assign the waste space to his portion.

    If he do not plant as an orchard the field which was given to him, if corn be the produce of the field, for the years during which has been neglected, the gardener shall measure out to the owner of the field (such produce) on the basis of adjacent fields, and he shall perform the required work on the field and he shall restore it to the owner of the field.

    If the field be unreclaimed, he shall perform the required work on the field and he shall restore it to the owner of the field and he shall measure out ten kur of grain per eighteen iku for each year.

    If a gentleman give his orchard to a gardener to manage,  the gardener shall give to the owner of the orchard two-thirds of the produce of the orchard, as long as he is in possession of the orchard; he himself shall take one-third.

    If the gardener do not properly manage the orchard and he diminish the produce, the gardener shall measure out the produce of the orchard on the basis of the adjacent orchards.

    When a gentleman borrow money from a merchant and his merchant foreclose on him and he has nothing to pay (it) back, if he gave his orchard after pollination to the merchant and said to him, "Take for your money as many dates as there are produced in the orchard," that merchant shall not be allowed; the owner of the orchard shall himself  take the dates that were produced in the orchard and repay the merchant for the money and its interest in accordance with the wording of his tablet (contract) and the owner of the orchard shall in turn take the remaining dates that were produced in the orchard.

    If a gentleman built a house, his neighbor . . . .

. . . . he shall give to him.

    If he (gentleman) is giving grain, money or goods for a fief (feudal) estate belonging to an estate adjoining his, which he wishes to purchase, he shall forfeit whatever he paid, while the estate shall revert to its [owner]. If that estate does not carry feudal obligations, he may purchase (it), since he may give grain, money, or goods for such an estate.

    (Only a few words preserved, having to do with house building.)

    [If a gentleman let a house to a(other) gentleman and] the gentleman (who was) the tenant paid his rental money in full for the year to the owner of [the house] and the owner of the house has said to the [tenant] while his term was (still) incomplete, "Move out," the owner of the house [shall forfeit] the money which the tenant paid to him [because] he made the tenant [move out] of his house while his term was (still) incomplete.

    If a merchant [lent] grain at interest, he shall receive sixty qu of grain per kur as interest. If he lent money at interest, he shall receive 1/6 (shekel) six se (i.e. one-fifth shekel) per shekel of silver as interest.

    If a gentleman, who [incurred] a debt, does not have the money to pay (it) back, but has the grain, [the merchant] shall take grain for his money [with its interest] in accordance with the ratio fixed by the king.

    If the merchant increased the interest beyond [sixty qu ] per kur [of grain] (or) one-sixth (shekel) six se [per shekel of money] and has collected (it), he shall forfeit whatever lent.

    If a merchant [lent] grain at interest and he has collected money [for the full interest] on the grain, the grain along with the money may not [be charged to the account].

    [If a merchant] . . . or he has not had the full amount of grain [which he received] deducted and did not write a new contract, or he has added the interest to the principal, that merchant shall pay back double the full amount of grain that he received.

    If a merchant lent grain or money at interest and when he lent (it) at interest he paid out the money by the small weight (and) the grain by the large measure, [that merchant shall forfeit] whatever lent.

    If a [merchant lent grain or money] at interest and gave . . ., he shall forfeit whatever he lent.

    If a gentleman borrow grain or money from a merchant and does not have the grain or money to pay (it) back, but has (other) goods, he shall give to his merchant whatever there is in his possession, (affirming) before witnesses that he will bring (it), while the merchant shall accept (it) without any objections.

    . . . . , he shall be put to death.

    If a gentleman gave money to a(nother) gentleman for a partnership, they shall divide equally in the presence of god the profit or loss which was incurred.

    If a merchant lent money at interest to a trader for the purpose of trading [and making purchases] and sent him out on the road, the trader shall . . . on the road [the money which was entrusted] to him.

    If he has realized a profit where he went,  he shall write down the interest on the money, as much as he has obtained, and he shall reckon its days and he shall make returns to his merchant.

    If  he do not meet with success where he goes, the trader shall double the amount of money obtained and he shall pay it to the merchant.

    If a merchant give money to an trader as a favor, and the latter meet with a reverse where he goes, he shall return the principal of the money to the merchant.

    If, when he goes on a journey, an enemy rob him of whatever he was carrying, the trader shall take an oath in the name of god and go free.

    If a merchant give to a trader grain, wool, oil or goods of any kind with which to trade, the trader shall write down the value and return (the money) to the merchant. The trader shall take a sealed receipt for the money which he gives to the merchant.

    If the trader be careless and do not take a receipt for the money which he has given to the merchant, the money not receipted for shall not be placed to his account.

    If an trader obtain money from a merchant and have a dispute with the merchant (i.e., deny the fact), that merchant shall call the trader to account in the presence of god and witnesses for the money obtained and the trader shall give to the merchant threefold the amount of money which he obtained.

    If a merchant lend to an trader and the trader return to the merchant whatever the merchant had given him; and if the merchant deny (receiving) what the trader has given to him, that trader shall call the merchant to account in the presence of god and witnesses and the merchant, because he has had a dispute with his trader, shall give to him sixfold the amount which he obtained.

    If a wine-seller do not receive grain as the price of drink, but if she receive money by the great stone, or make the measure for drink smaller than the measure for corn, they shall call that wine-seller to account, and they shall throw her into the water.

    If outlaws collect in the house of a wine-seller, and she do not arrest these outlaws and bring them to the palace, that wine-seller shall be put to death.

    If a priestess (nun) who is not living in a convent, open (the door of) a wine-shop or enter a wine-shop for a drink, they shall burn that woman.

    If a wine-seller gave one (flask) of pihum-(unknown) drink on credit, at the time of harvest she shall receive 50 qu of grain.

    If a gentleman be on journey and he give silver, gold, stones or portable property to a gentleman with a commission for transportation, and if that gentleman do not deliver that which was to be transported where it was to be transported, but take it for himself, the owner of the transported goods shall call that gentleman to account for the goods to be transported which he did not deliver, and that gentleman shall deliver to the owner of the transported goods fivefold the amount which was given to him.

    If a gentleman hold a [ debt of] grain or money against a gentleman, and if he take grain without the consent of the owner from the heap or the granary, they shall call that gentleman to account for taking grain without the consent of the owner from the heap or the granary, and he shall return as much as he took, and he shall forfeit all that he has lent, whatever it may be.

    If a gentleman do not hold a [debt of] grain or money against a gentleman, and if he seize him for debt, for each seizure he shall pay one-third mana of silver.

    If a gentleman hold a [debt of ] grain or money against a gentleman, and he seize him for debt, and the one seized die in the house of him who seized him, that case has no penalty.

    If the one seized die of abuse or neglect in the house of him who seized him, the owner of the one seized shall call the merchant to account; and if it be a man's son [that he seized] they shall put his son to death; if it be a man's servant [that he seized ] he shall pay one-third mana of silver and he shall forfeit whatever amount he had lent.

    If a gentleman be in debt and sell his wife, son or daughter, or bind them over to service, for three years they shall work in the house of their purchaser or master; in the fourth year they shall be given their freedom.

    If he bind over to service a male or female slave, and if the merchant transfer or sell such slave, there in no cause for complaint.

    If a gentleman be in debt and he sell his maid servant who has borne him children, the owner of the maid servant (i.e.., the gentleman in debt) shall repay the money which the merchant paid (him), and he shall ransom his maid servant.

    If a gentleman store his grain in bins in the house of another and an accident happen to the granary, or the owner of the house open a bin and take grain or he raise a dispute about (or deny) the amount of grain which was stored in his house, the owner of the grain shall declare his grain in the presence of god, and the owner of the house shall double the amount of the grain which he took and restore it to the owner of the grain.

    If a gentleman store in the house of another, he shall pay storage at the rate of five KA of grain per GUR each year.

    If a gentleman give to another silver, gold or anything else on deposit, whatever he gives shall show to witnesses and he shall arrange the contracts and (then) he shall make the deposit.

    If a gentleman give on deposit without witnesses or contracts, and at the place of deposit they dispute with  him (i.e., deny the deposit), that case has no penalty.

    If a gentleman give to another silver, gold or anything else on deposit in the presence of witnesses and the later dispute with him (or deny it), they shall call that gentleman to account and he shall double whatever he has disputed and repay it.

    If a gentleman give anything of his on deposit, and at the place of deposit either by burglary or pillage he suffer loss in common with the owner of the house, the owner of the house who has been negligent and has lost what was given to him on deposit shall make good (the loss) and restore (it) to the owner of the goods; the owner of the house shall institute a search for what has been lost and take it from the thief.

    If a gentleman have not lost anything, but say that he has lost something, or if he file a claim for loss when nothing has been lost, he shall declare his (alleged) loss in presence of god, and he shall double and pay for the (alleged) loss the amount for which he had made claim.

    If a gentleman point the finger at  a priestess or the wife of another and cannot justify it, they shall drag that gentleman before the judges and they shall brand his forehead.

    If a gentleman take a wife and do not arrange with her the (proper) contracts, that woman is not a (legal) wife.

    If the wife of a gentleman be taken in lying with another gentleman, they shall bind them and throw them into the water. If the husband of the woman would save his wife, or if the king would save his male servant (he may).

    If a gentleman force the (betrothed) wife of another who has not known a male and is living in her father's house, and he lie in her bosom and they take him, that gentleman shall be put to death and that woman shall go free.

    If a gentleman accuse his wife and she has not been taken in lying with another gentleman, she shall take an oath in the name of god and she shall return to her house.

    If the finger have been pointed at the wife of a gentleman because of another gentleman, and she have not been taken in lying with another gentleman, for husband's sake she shall throw herself into the river.

    If a gentleman be captured and there be maintenance in his house and his wife go out of her house, she shall protect her body and she shall not enter into another house.

    [If] that woman do not protect her body and enter into another house, they shall call that woman to account and they shall throw her into the water.

    If a gentleman be captured and there be no maintenance in his house and his wife enter into another house, that woman has no blame.

    If a gentleman be captured and there be no maintenance in his house, and his wife openly enter into another house and bear children; if later her husband return and arrive in his city, that woman shall return to her husband (and) the children shall go to their father.

    If a gentleman desert his city and flee and afterwards his wife enter into another house; if that gentleman return and would take his wife, the wife of the fugitive shall not return to her husband because he hated his city and fled.

    If a gentleman set his face to put away a concubine who has borne him children or a wife who has presented him with children, he shall return to that woman her dowry and shall give to her the income of field, garden and goods and she shall bring up her children; from the time that her children are grown up, from whatever is given to  her children they shall give to her a portion corresponding to that of a son and the gentleman of her choice may marry her.

    If a gentleman  would put away his wife who has not borne him children, he shall give her money to the amount of her marriage settlement and he shall make good to her the dowry which she brought from her father's house and they may put her away.

    If there were no marriage settlement, he shall give to her one mana of silver for a divorce.

    If he be a freeman, he shall give her one-third mana of silver.

    If the wife of a gentleman who is living in his house, set her face to go out and play the part of a fool, neglect her house, belittle her husband, they shall call her to account; if her husband say "I have put her away," he shall let her go. On her departure nothing shall be given to her for divorce. If her husband say "I have not put her away," her husband may take another woman. The first woman shall dwell in the house of her husband as a maid servant.

    If a woman hate her husband, and say: "Thou  shall not have me," they shall inquire into her antecedents for her defects; and if she have been a careful mistress and be without reproach and her husband have been going about greatly belittling her, that woman has no blame. She shall receive her dowry  and shall go to her father's house.

    If she have not been a careful mistress, have gadded about, have neglected her house and have belittled her husband, they shall throw that woman into the water.

    If a gentleman take a wife and that wife give a maid servant to her husband and she bear children; if that gentleman set his face to take a concubine, they shall not countenance him. He may not take a concubine.

    If a gentleman take a wife and she do not present him with children and he set his face to take a concubine and bring her into his house. That concubine shall not rank with his wife.

    If a gentleman take a wife and she give a maid servant to her husband, and that maid servant bear children and afterwards would take rank with her mistress; because she has borne children, her mistress may not sell her for money, but she may reduce her to bondageand count her among the maid servants.

    If she have not borne children, her mistress may sell her for money.

    If a gentleman take a wife and she become afflicted with disease, and if he set his face to take another, he may. His wife, who is afflicted with disease, he shall not put away. She shall remain in the house which he has built and he shall maintain her as long as she lives.

    If that woman do not elect to remain in her husband's house, he shall make good the dowry which she brought from her father's house and she may go.

    If a gentleman give to his wife field, garden or goods, and deliver to her a sealed deed, after (the death of) her husband, her children cannot make claim against her. The mother after her (death) may will to her child whom she loves, but to a brother she may not.

    If a woman, who dwells in the house of a gentleman, make a contract with her husband that a creditor of his may not hold her (for his debts) and compel him to deliver a written agreement; if that gentleman were in debt before he took that woman, his creditor may not hold his wife, and if that woman were in debt before she entered into the house of the gentleman, her creditor may not hold her husband.

    If they contract a debt after the woman has entered into the house of the gentleman, both of them shall be answerable to the merchant.

    If a woman bring about the death of her husband for the sake of another gentleman, they shall impale her.

    If a gentleman have known his daughter, they shall expel that gentleman from the city.

    If a gentleman have betrothed a bride to his son and his son have known her, and if he (the father) afterward lie in her bosom and they take him, they shall bind that gentleman and throw him into the water.

    If a gentleman have betrothed a bride to his son and his son have not known her but he himself lie in her bosom, he shall pay her one-half mana of silver and he shall make good to her whatever she brought from the house of her father and the gentleman of her choice may take her.

    If a gentleman lie in the bosom of his mother after (the death of) his father, they shall burn the both of them.

    If a gentleman, after (the death of) his father, be taken in the bosom of the chief wife (of his father) who has borne children, that gentleman shall be cut off from his father's house.

    If a gentleman, who has brought a present to the house of his father-in-law and given the marriage settlement, look with longing upon another woman and say to his father-in-law, "I will not thy daughter;" the father of the daughter shall take to himself whatever was brought to him.

    If a gentleman bring a present to the house of his father-in-law and give a marriage settlement and the father say, "I will not give my daughter;" he (i.e., the father-in-law) shall double the amount which was brought to him and return it. If a gentleman bring a present to the house of his father-in-law and give a marriage settlement, and his friend slander him; and if his father-in-law say to the claimant for the wife, "My daughter thou shalt not have," he (the father-in-law) shall double the amount which was brought to him and return it, but his friend may not have his wife.

    If a gentleman bring a present to the house of his father-in-law and give a marriage settlement and the father of the daughter say, "I will not give thee my daughter;" he (i.e., the father-in-law) shall double the amount which was brought to him and return it.

    If a gentleman take a wife and she bear him children and that woman die, her father may not lay claim to her dowry. Her dowry belongs to her children.

    If a gentleman take a wife and she do not present him with children and that woman die; if his father-in-law return to  him the marriage settlement which that gentleman brought to the house of his father-in-law, her husband may not lay claim to the dowry of that woman. Her dowry belongs to the house of father.

    If his father-in-law do not return to him the marriage settlement, he may deduct from her dowry the amount of the marriage settlement and return (the rest) of her dowry to the house of her father.

    If a gentleman present field, garden or house to his favorite son and write for him a sealed deed; after the father dies, when the brothers divide, he shall take the present which the father gave him, and over and above they shall divide the goods of the father's house equally.

    If a gentleman take wives for his sons and do not take a wife for his youngest son, after the father dies, when the brothers divide, they shall give from the goods of the father's house to their youngest brother, who has not taken a wife, money for a marriage settlement in addition to his portion and they shall enable him to take a wife.

    If a gentleman take a wife and she bear him children and that woman die, and after her (death) he take another wife and she bear him children and later the father die, the children of the mothers shall not divide (the estate). They shall receive the dowries of the their respective mothers and they shall divide equally the goods of the house of the father.

    If a gentleman set his face to disinherit his son and say to the judges: "I will disinherit my son," the judges shall inquire into his antecedents, and if the son have not committed a crime sufficiently grave to cut him off from sonship, the father may not cut off his son from sonship.

    If he have committed a crime against his father sufficiently grave to cut him off from sonship, they shall condone his first (offense). If he commit a grave crime a second time, the father may cut off his son from sonship.

    If a man's wife bear him children and his maid servant bear him children, and the father during his lifetime say to the children which the maid servant bore him: "My children," and reckon them with the children of his wife, after the father dies the children of the wife and the children of the maid servant shall divide the goods of the father's house equally. The child of the wife shall have the right of choice at the division.

    But if the father during his lifetime have not said to the children which the maid servant bore him: "My children;" after the father dies, the children of the maid servant shall not share in the goods of the father's house with the children of the wife. The maid servant and her children shall be given freedom. The children of the wife may not lay claim to the children of the maid servant for service. The wife shall receive her dowry and the gift which her  husband gave and deeded to her on a tablet and she may dwell in the house of her husband and enjoy (the property) as long as she lives. She cannot sell it, however, for after her (death) it belong to her children .

    If her husband have not given her a gift, they shall make good her dowry and she shall receive from the goods of  her husband's house a portion corresponding to that of a son. If her children scheme to drive her out of the house, the judges shall inquire into her antecedents and if the children be in the wrong, she shall not go out from her husband's house. If the woman set her face not to go out, she she shall leave her children the gift which her husband gave her; she shall receive the dowry of her father's house, and the husband of her choice may take her.

    If that woman bear  children to her later husband into whose house she has entered and later on that woman die , the former and the later children shall divide her dowry.

    If she do not bear children to her later husband, the children of her first husband shall receive her dowry.

    If either a slave of the palace or the slave of a freeman take the daughter of a gentleman (gentleman) and she bear children, the owner of the slave may not lay claim to the children of the daughter of the gentleman for service.

    And if a slave of the palace or a slave of a freeman take the daughter of a gentleman (gentleman); and if, when he takes her, she enter into the house of the slave of the palace or the slave of the freeman with the dowry of her father's house; if from the time that they join hands, they build a house and acquire property; and if later on the slave of the palace or the slave of the freeman die, the daughter of the gentleman shall receive her dowry, and they shall divide into two parts whatever her husband and she had acquired from the time they had joined hands; the owner of the slave shall receive one-half and the daughter of the gentleman shall receive one-half for her children.

    If the daughter of the gentleman had no dowry they shall divide into two parts whatever her husband and she acquired from the time they joined hands. The owner of the slave shall receive one-half and the daughter of the gentleman shall receive one-half  for her children.

    If a widow, whose children are minors, set her face to enter another house, she cannot do so without the consent of the judges. When she enters another house, the judges shall inquire into the estate of her former husband and they shall intrust the estate of the former husband to the later husband and that woman, and they shall deliver to them a tablet (to sign). They shall administer the estate and rear the minors. They may not sell the household goods. He who purchases household goods belonging to the sons of a widow shall forfeit his money. The goods shall revert to their owner.

    If (there be) a priestess or a devotee to whom her father has given a dowry and written a deed of gift; if in the deed which he has written for her, he have not written "after her (death) she may give to whomsoever she may please," and if he have not granted her full discretion; after her father dies her brothers shall take her field and garden and they shall give her grain, oil and wool according to the value of her share and they shall make her content, she may give her field and garden to any tenant she may please and her tenant shall maintain her. She shall enjoy the field, garden or anything else which her father gave her as long as she lives. She may not sell it, nor transfer it. Her heritage belongs to her brothers.

    If (there be) a priestess or a devotee to whom her father has given a dowry and written a deed of gift; if in the deed which he has written for her, he have written "after her (death) she may give to whomsoever she may   please," and he have granted her full discretion; after her father dies she may give it to whomsoever she may please after her (death). Her brothers may not lay claim against her.

    If a father dedicated (his daughter) to deity as a hierodule, a sacred prostitute, or devotee and did not give a dowry to her, after her father dies she shall receive as her share in the goods of her father's house the portion of a son, and she shall enjoy it as long as she lives. After her (death) it belongs to her brothers.

    If a father dedicated (his daughter) to deity as a hierodule, a scared prostitute, or devotee and did not give  her a dowry, after her father dies she shall receive as her share in the goods of her father's house one-third of the portion of a son and she shall enjoy it as long as she lives. After her (death), it belongs to her brothers.

    If a father do not give a dowry to his daughter, a priestess of Marduk of Babylon, and do not write for her a deed of gift; after her father dies, she shall receive as her share with her brothers one-third the portion of a son in the goods of her father's house, but she shall not conduct the business thereof. A priestess of Marduk, after her (death), may give to whomsoever she may please.

    If a father present a dowry to his daughter, who is a concubine, and give her to a husband and write a deed of gift; after the father dies she shall not share in the goods of her father's house.

    If a gentleman do not present a dowry to his daughter, who is a concubine, and do not give her  to a husband; after her father dies her brothers shall present her a dowry proportionate to the fortune of her father's house and they shall give her to a husband.

    If a gentleman take in his name a young child as a son and rear him, one may not bring claim for that adopted son.

    If a gentleman take a young child as a son and, when he takes him, he is rebellious toward his father and mother (who have adopted him), that adopted son shall return to the house of his father.

    One may not bring claim for the son of a chamberlain, who is a palace guard, or the son of a devotee.

    If an artisan take a son for adoption and teach him his handicraft, one may not bring claim for him.

    If he do not teach him his handicraft, that adopted son may return to his father's house.

    If a gentleman do not reckon among his sons the young child whom he has taken for a son and reared, that adopted son may return to his father's house.

    If a gentleman, who has taken a young child as a son and reared him, established his own house and acquire children, and set his face to cut off the adopted son, that son shall not go his way. The father who reared him shall give to him of his goods one-third the portion of a son and he shall go. He shall not give to him of field, garden or  house.

    If the son of a chamberlain, or the son of a devotee, say to his father who has reared him, or his mother who has reared him: "My father thou art not," "My mother thou art not," they shall cut out his tongue.

    If the son of a chamberlain or the son of a devotee identify his own father's house and hate the father who has reared him and the mother who has reared him and go back to his father's house, they shall pluck out his eye.

    If a gentleman give  his son to a nurse and that son die in the hands of the nurse, and the nurse substitute another son without the consent of his father or mother, they shall call her to account, and because she has substituted another son without the consent of his father or mother, they shall cut off her breast.

    If a son strike his father, they shall cut off his fingers.

    If a gentleman destroy the eye of another gentleman , they shall destroy his eye.

    If one break a gentleman's bone, they shall break his bone.

    If one destroy the eye of a private citizen or break the bone of a private citizen, he shall pay one mana of silver.

    If one destroy the eye of a gentleman's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price.

    If a gentleman knock out a tooth of a gentleman of his own rank, they shall knock out his tooth.

    If one knock out the tooth of a private citizen, he shall pay one-third mana of silver.

    If a gentleman strike the person of a gentleman (i.e., commit an assault) who is his superior, he shall receive sixty strokes with an ox-tail whip in public.

    If a gentleman strike another gentleman of his own rank, he shall pay one mana of silver.

    If a private citizen strike a private citizen, he shall pay ten shekels of silver.

    If a gentleman's slave strike a gentleman's son they shall cut off his ear.

    If a gentleman strike another gentleman in a quarrel and wound him, he shall swear: "I struck him without intent," and he shall be responsible for the physician.

    If  (he) die as the result of the stroke, he shall swear: (as above) and if he be a gentleman, he he shall pay one-half mana of silver.

    If (he) be a freeman, he shall pay one-third mana of silver.

    If a gentleman strike a man's daughter and bring about a miscarriage he shall pay ten shekels of silver for her miscarriage.

    If that woman die, they shall put his daughter to death.

    If, through a stroke, he bring about a miscarriage to the daughter of a freeman, he shall pay five shekels of silver.

    If that woman die, he shall pay one-half mana of silver.

    If he strike the female slave of a gentleman and bring about a miscarriage, he shall pay two shekels of silver.

    If that female slave die, he shall pay one-third mana of silver.

    If a physician operate on a gentleman for a severe wound (or make a severe wound upon a gentleman) with a bronze lancet and save the man's life; or if he open an abscess (in the eye) of a gentleman with a bronze lancet and save that man's eye, he shall receive ten shekels of silver (as his fee).

    If he be a freeman, he shall receive five shekels.

    If it be a man's slave, the owner of the slave shall give two shekels of silver to the physician.

    If a physician operate on a gentleman for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause the man's death; or open an abscess (in the eye) of a gentleman with a bronze lancet and destroy the man's eye, they shall cut off his fingers.

    If a physician operate on a slave of a private citizen for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause his death, he shall restore a slave of equal value.

    If he open an abscess (in his eye) with a bronze lancet, and destroy his eye, he shall pay silver to the extent of one-half his price.

    If a physician set a broken bone for a gentleman or cure his diseased bowels, the patient shall give five shekels of silver to the physician.

    If he be  a freeman, he shall give three shekels of silver.

    If it be a man's slave, the owner of the slave shall give two shekels of silver to the physician.

    If a veterinary physician operate on an ox or an ass for a severe wound and save its life, the owner of the  ox or ass shall give to the physician, as his fee, one-sixth of a shekel of silver.

    If he operate on an ox or an ass for a severe wound and cause its death, he shall give to the owner of the ox or ass one-fourth its value.

    If a brander, without the consent of the owner of the slave, brand a slave with the sign that he cannot be sold, they shall cut off the fingers of the brander.

    If a gentleman deceive a brander and he brand a slave with the sign that he cannot be sold, they shall put that gentleman to death, and they cast him into his house. The brander shall swear: "I did not brand him knowingly," and he shall go free.

    If a builder build a house for a gentleman and complete it (that gentleman) shall give two shekels of silver per SAR of house as his wage.

    If a builder build a house for a gentleman and do not make its construction firm, and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the house, that builder shall be put to death.

    If it cause the death of a son of the owner of the house, they shall put to death a son of that builder.

    If it cause the death of a slave of the owner of the house, he shall give to the owner of the house a slave of equal value.

    If it destroy property, he shall restore whatever it destroyed, and because he did not make the house which he built firm and it collapsed, he shall rebuild the house which collapsed from his own property (i.e., at his own expense).

    If a builder build a house for a gentleman and do not make its construction meet the requirements and a wall fall in, that builder shall strengthen that wall at his own expense.

    If a boatman build a boat of 60 kur for a gentleman, he shall give to him two shekels of silver as his wage.

    If a boatman build a boat for a gentleman and he do not make its construction seaworthy and that boat meet with disaster in the same year in which it was put into commission, the boatman shall reconstruct that boat and he shall strengthen it at his own expense and he shall give the boat when strengthened to the owner of the boat.

    If a gentleman hire his boat to a boatman and the boatman be careless and he sink or wreck the boat, the boatman shall replace the boat to the owner of the boat.

    If a gentleman hire a boatman and a boat and freight it with grain, wool, oil, dates or any other kind of freight, and that boatman be careless and sink the boat or wreck its cargo, the boatman shall replace the boat which he sank and whatever portion of the cargo he wrecked.

    If a boatman sink a man's boat and refloat it, he shall give silver to the extent of one-half its value.

    If a gentleman hire a boatman, he shall give him six kur or grain per year.

    If  a boat under way strike a ferryboat (or boat at anchor), and sink it, the owner of the boat whose boat was sunk shall make declaration in the presence of god of everything that was lost in his boat and (the owner) of (the vessel) under way which sank the ferryboat shall replace his boat and whatever was lost.

    If a gentleman seize an ox for debt, he shall pay one-third mana of silver.

    If a gentleman hire (an ox) for a year, he shall give to its owner four kur of grain as the hire of a draught ox, (and) three kur of grain as the hire of a young lead-ox.

    If a gentleman hire an ox or an ass and a lion kill it in the field, it is the owner's affair.

    If a gentleman hire an ox and cause its death through neglect or abuse, he shall restore an ox of equal value to the owner of the ox.

    If a gentleman hire an ox and he break its foot or has cut its neck tendon, he shall restore an ox of equal value to the owner of the ox.

    If a gentleman hire an ox and destroy its eye, he shall pay silver to the owner of the ox to the extent of one-half its value.

    If a gentleman hire an ox and break its horn or cut off its tail or injure the flesh (through which) the ring (passes), he shall pay silver to the extent of one-fourth of its value.

    If a gentleman hire an ox and a god strike it and it die, the gentleman who hired the ox shall take an oath before god and go free.

    If a bull, when passing through the street, gore a gentleman and bring about his death, this case has no penalty.

    If a man's bull have been wont to gore and they have made known to him his habit of goring, and he have not protected his horns or have not tied him up, and that bull gore the son of a gentleman and bring about his death, he shall pay one-half mana of silver.

    If it be the servant of a gentleman, he shall pay one-third mana of silver.

    If a gentleman hire a gentleman to oversee his farm and furnish him the seed-grain and intrust him with oxen and contract with him to cultivate the field, and that gentleman steal either the seed or the crop and it be found in his possession, they shall cut off his fingers.

    If he take the seed-grain and overwork the oxen, he shall restore the quantity of grain which he had hoed.

    If he let the oxen of the gentleman on hire, or steal the seed-grain and there be no crop in the field, they shall call that gentleman to account and he shall measure out 60 kur of grain per eighteen iku.

    If he be not able to meet his obligation, they shall drag him through that field with the oxen.

    If a gentleman hire a field-laborer, he shall pay him 8 kur of grain per year.

    If a gentleman hire a herdsman, he shall pay him 6 kur of grain per year.

    If a gentleman steal a plow from a field, he shall pay 5 shekels of silver to the owner of the plow.

    If a gentleman steal a watering-bucket or a harrow, he shall pay 3 shekels of silver.

    If a gentleman hire a herdsman to pasture oxen or sheep, he shall pay him 8 GUR of grain per year.

    If a gentleman, . . . .an ox or a sheep to  . . . . . . . . . . . .

    If he has lost [the ox] or sheep which was committed to him, he shall make good  ox for [ox], sheep for [sheep] to their owner.

    If a shepherd, to whom oxen or sheep have been given to pasture, receive as his hire whatever was agreed upon  and be satisfied, and he let the cattle or sheep decrease in number, or lessen the birth rate, according to his contracts he shall make good the birth rate and the produce.

    If a shepherd, to whom oxen or sheep have been given to pasture, have been dishonest or have altered their price, or sold them, they shall call him to account, and he shall restore to their owner oxen and sheep tenfold what he has stolen.

    If a visitation of god happen to a fold, or a lion kill, the shepherd shall declare himself innocent before god, and the owner of the fold shall suffer the damage.

    If a shepherd be careless and he bring about an accident in the fold, the shepherd shall make good in cattle and sheep the loss through the accident which he brought about in the fold, and give them to the owner.

    If a gentleman hire an ox to thresh, 20 qu of grain is its hire.

    If he hire an ass to thresh, 10 qu of grain is its hire.

    If he hire a young animal (goat) to thresh, 1 qu of grain is its hire.

    If a gentleman hire an oxen, a wagon and a driver, he shall pay 180 qu of grain per day.

    If a gentleman hire a wagon only, he shall pay 40 qu of grain per day.

    If a gentleman hire a laborer, from the beginning of the year until the fifth month, he shall pay 6 se of silver per day; from the sixth month till the end of the year he shall pay 5 se of silver per day.

    If a gentleman hire an artisan, the wage of a . . . . . . is 5 se of silver; the wage of a brickmaker is 5 se of silver; the wage of a tailor is 5 se of silver; the wage of a seal cutter is . . . . . . se of silver; the wage of a jeweler is . . .  se of silver; the wage of a  smith is . . . . se of silver; the wage of a carpenter is 4 se of silver; the wage of a leatherworker is . . . . se of silver; the wage of a basketmaker is . . . . se of silver; the wage of a builder is . . . . se of silver.

    If a gentleman hire a longboat its hire is 3 se of silver per day.

    If he hire a rowboat, he shall pay 2 1/2 se of silver per day.

    If a gentleman hire a boat of 60 kur, he shall pay 1/6 of a shekel of silver as its hire per day.

    If a gentleman sell a male or female slave, and the slave have not complete his month, and the bennu fever fall upon him, he (the purchaser) shall return him to the seller and he shall receive the money which he paid.

    If a gentleman sell a male or female slave and there be a claim upon him, the seller shall be responsible for the claim.

    If a gentleman purchase a male or female slave of a gentleman in a foreign country, and if, when he comes back to his own land, the (former) owner of the male or female slave recognize his male or female slave--if the male or female slave be a native of the land, he shall grant them their freedom without money.

    If they be natives of another land, the purchaser shall declare before god the money which he paid (for them), and the owner of the male or female slave shall give to the merchant the money which he paid out, and he (the owner) shall receive into his care his male or female slave.

    If a male or female slave say to his master: Thou art not my master," his master shall prove him to be his slave and cut off his ear.

    The righteous laws, which Hammurabi, the wise king, establish and (by which) he gave the land stable support and pure government. Hammurabi, the perfect king, am I. I was not careless, nor was I neglectful of the Black-Head people, whose rule Enlil presented and Marduk delivered to me. I provided and lent them support. With the powerful weapon which Za-ba-ba and Nana entrusted to me, with the breadth of vision which Ea allotted me, with the might that Marduk gave me, I expel the enemy to the North and South; I made an end of their raids; I brought health to the land; I made the populace to rest in security; I permitted no one to molest them.
    The great gods proclaimed me and I am the guardian governor, whose scepter is righteous and whose beneficent protection is spread over my city. In my bosom I carried the people of the land of Sumer and Akkad; under my protection I brought their brethren into security; in my wisdom I restrained (hid) them; that the strong might not oppose the weak, and that they should give justice to the orphan and the widow, in Babylon, the city whose turrets Anum and Enlil raised; in Esagila, the temple whose foundations are firm as heaven and earth, for the pronouncing of judgments in the land, for the rendering of decisions in the land, and for righting or wrong, my mighty words I have written upon my stela, and in the presence of my image as king of righteousness I have established.
    The king, who is pre-eminent among city kings am I. My words are precious, my wisdom is unrivaled. By the command of Shamash, the great judge of heaven and earth,may I make righteousness to shine forth on the land. By the order of Marduk, my lord, may no efface my statues, may my name be remembered with favor in Esagila forever.

    Let any oppressed gentleman, who has a cause, come before my image as king of righteousness! Let him read the inscription on my stela! Let him heed to my weighty words! And may my stela enlighten him to his cause and may he understand his case! May he set his heart at ease! (and he will exclaim) ; "Hammurabi indeed is a ruler who is like a real father to his people; he has given reverence to the words of Marduk, his lord; he has obtained victory for Marduk in North and South; he has made glad the heart of Marduk, his lord; he has established prosperity for the people for all time and given a pure government to the land." Let him read the code and pray with a full heart before Marduk, my lord, and Zarpanit, my lady, and may the protecting deities, the gods who enter Esagila, daily in the midst of Esagila look with favor on his wishes (plans) in the presence of Marduk, my lord, and Zarpanit, my lady!
    In the days that are yet to come , for all future time, may the king who is in the land observe the words of righteousness which I have written upon my stela! May he not alter the judgments of the land which I have pronounced, or the decisions of the country which I have rendered! May he not efface my statues! If that gentleman have the wisdom, if he wish to give his land good government, let him give attention to the words which I have written upon my stela! And may this stela enlighten him as to procedure and administration, the judgments which I have pronounced, and the decisions which I have rendered for the land! And let him rightly rule his Black-Head people; let him pronounce judgments for them and render for them decisions! Let him root out the wicked and evildoer from his land! Let him promote the welfare of his people!
    Hammurabi, the king of righteousness, whom Shamash has endowed with justice, am I. My words are weighty; my deeds are unrivaled . . . . . . .

and the bringer to honor.
    If that gentleman pay attention to my words which I have written upon my stela, do not efface my judgments, do not overrule my words, and do not alter my statues, then will Shamash prolong man's reign, as his people in righteousness.
    If that gentleman do not pay attention to my words which I have written upon my stela; if he forget my curse and do not fear the curse of god; if he abolish the judgments which I have formulated, overrule my words, alter my statues, efface my name written thereon and write his own name; on account of these curses, commission another to do so--as for that gentleman, be he king, great god, the father of the gods, who has ordained my reign, take from him the glory of his sovereignty, may he break his scepter, and curse his fate!
    May Enlil, the lord, who determines destinies, whose command cannot be altered, who has enlarged my dominion, drive him out from his dwelling through a revolt which his hand cannot control and a curse destructive to him. May he determine as his fate a reign of sighs, days few in number, years of famine, darkness without light, death staring him in the face! The destruction of his city, the dispersion of his people, the wresting away of his dominion, the blotting out of his name and memory from the land, may Enlil order with his potent command!
    May Ninlil, the august mother, whose command is potent in E-kur, who looks with gracious favor upon my plans, in the place of judgment and decisions pervert his words in the presence of Enlil!  May she put into the mouth of Enlil, the king, the ruin of his land, the destruction of his people and the pouring out of his life like water!
May Enki, the great prince, whose decrees take precedence, the leader of the gods, who knows everything, who prolongs

the days of my life, deprive him of knowledge and wisdom! May he bring him to oblivion, and dam up his rivers at their sources! May he not permit corn, which is the life of the people, to grow in his land!
    May Shamash, the great judge of heaven and earth, who rules all living creatures, the lord (inspiring) confidence, overthrow his dominion; may he not grant him his rights! May he make him to err in his path, may he destroy the mass (foundation) of his troops! May he bring to his view an evil omen of uprooting the foundation of his sovereignty, and ruin of his land.
    May the blighting curse of Shamash come upon him quickly! May he cut off his life above (upon the earth)! Below, within the earth, may he deprive his spirit of water!
May Sin, the lord of heaven, my divine creator, whose scimitar shines among the gods, take away from him the crown and throne of sovereignty! May he lay upon him heavy guilt and great sin, which will not depart from him! May he bring to an end  the days, months, and years of his reign with sighing and tears! May he multiply the burdens of his sovereignty! May he determine as his fate a life unto death!
    May Adad, the lord of abundance, the regent of heaven and earth, my helper, deprive him of the rain from heaven and the water-floods from the springs! May he bring his land to destruction through want and hunger! May he break loose furiously over his city and turn his land into a heap left by a whirlwind! May Zababa, the great warrior, the chief son of E-kur, who goes at my right hand, shatter his weapons on the field of battle! May he turn day into night for him, and place his enemy over him!
    May Inanna, goddess of battle and conflict, who makes ready my weapons, the gracious protecting deity, who loves my reign, curse his dominion with great fury in her wrathful heart, and turn good into evil for him!

May she shatter his weapons on the field of battle and conflict! May she create confusion and revolt for him! May she strike down his warriors, may their blood water the earth! May she cast the bodies of his warriors upon the field in heaps! May she show his warriors no mercy! May she deliver him into the hands of his enemies, and may they carry him away bound into a hostile land!
    May Nergal, the mighty among the gods, the warrior without an equal, who grants me victory, in his great power, burn his people like a raging fire of swamp-reed. With his powerful weapon, may he cut him off and may he break his members like an earthen image!  May Nin-tu, the exalted mistress of the lands, the mother who bore me, deny him a son!  May she not let him hold the name among his people, nor beget an heir!     May Nin-kar-ra-ak, the daughter of Anum, who commands favors for me in E-kur, cause to come upon his members until it overcomes his life, a grievous malady, an evil disease, a dangerous sore , which cannot be cured, which the physician cannot diagnose, which he cannot allay with bandages, and which, like the bite of death, cannot be removed! May he lament the loss of his vigor!
    May the great gods of heaven and earth, the Anumnnaki in the construction of this E-babbarra, his seed, his land, his army, his people, and his troops! May Enlil with his command which cannot be altered curse him with a powerful curse and may it come upon him speedily!

^1. Or, cult
^2. Whose help enables on to attain his desire
^3. Literally, who planted, cultivated.

Adab--An ancient city in central Babylonia on the Euphrates River. The Cult-center of the god Mah. The city was located at the modern city Bismaya, Iraq.

Adad--The god of weather. Worshiped in the temple Eudgalgal.

Akkad--An ancient city in northern Babylonia. Founded by Sargon the Great as his capital. A Cult-center of the goddess Ishtar. Location of the temple Eulmash. The ancient name  for northern Babylonia.

Anum--The sky god, leader of the temple of the gods. Worshipped in the temple Eanna, in the city of Uruk along with the goddess Inanna.

Anunnaki--The lesser gods who were attendants of the god Anum.

Aya--The companion of Shamash. Worshiped in the temple Ebabbar.

Babylon--The ancient capital city of Babylonia.

Bet-karkar--An unidentified ancient city. The Cult-center of the god Adad.

Black-headed People--This is a late Sumerian term describing the people of Babylonia in general.

Borsippa--The ancient city located near Babylon. The Cult-center of the god Nabum.

Code of Hammurabi--The set of 282 laws including Prologue and Epilogue written by Hammurabi in the early years of his reign as king of Babylonia. The most complete set of ancient Babylonian laws.

Dagan--A west Semitic grain god. Worshiped along the middle Eurphrates River.

Damgalnunna--A goddess and mother of Marduk. The companion of Enki. Worshiped at the temple Eabzu. Sometimes referred to as Damkina.

Damkina--The goddess Damgalnunna.

Dilbat--An ancient city not far from Borsippa. The Cult-center of the god Urash.

Duranki--The Sumerian name for the ancient city of Nippur. The Cult-center of the god Enlil. The temple Ekur was located there.

Eabzu--A temple honoring the god Enki. Located in the ancient city of Eridu.

Eanna--The temple located in the city Uruk. The temple was dedicated to the god Anum and the goddess Inanna.

Ebabbar--The temple dedicated to the worship of the god Shamash and goddess Aya. Located in the ancient city of Sippar.
 
 

Egalmah--The temple dedicated to the worship of the goddess Ninkarrak. Located in the ancient city of Isin in southern Babylonia.

Egishnugal--The temple dedicated to the worship of the god Sin. Located in the ancient city of Ur.

Ekur--The temple in the city of Nippur. The temple was dedicated to the god Enlil.

Emah--A temple dedicated to the god Mah. Located in the ancient city of Adab.

Emete-ursag--The temple dedicated to the worship of god Zababa. Locate in the ancient city of Kish in northeastern Babylonia.

Emishmish--The temple dedicated to Inanna. Located in the ancient city of Nineveh.

Eninnu--The temple dedicated to the god Ningirsu. Located in the ancient city Girsu in central Babylonia.

Enki--The lord of the Earth and Water. The father of Marduk. Worshipped in the temple Eabzu in the city of Eridu.

Enlil--The storm god, the chief of the temple of the gods. Marduk was of lesser rank the the god Anum. Worshipped in the temple Ekur in the city of Nippur.

Eridu--An ancient city located in southern Babylonia where the modern city Abu Shahrein, Iraq is located. The Cult-center for the god Enki.

Erra--The god of pestilence(disaster) and war. He was often identified with the god Nergal. Worshiped in the temple Meslam.

Esagila--A temple dedicated to the worship of Marduk located in the ancient city of Babylon.

Eshnunna--An ancient city of Babylonia. The Cult-center of the gods Tishpak and Ninazu.

Esikil--The temple dedicated to the god Ninazu. Located in the ancient city of Eshnunna.

Eudgalgal--The temple dedicated to the god Adad. Located in the ancient city Bet-karkar.

Eulmash--A temple dedicated to the goddess Ishtar (Inanna). Located in the city of Akkad.

Ezida--The temple dedicated to the god Nabum. Located in the ancient city Borsippa.

Gentleman--A man of standing. Upper class.

Girsu--The twin city to Lagash in central Babylonia. The Cult-center of the god Ningirsu.

Hallab--An unidentified ancient city in Babylonia. One of the Cult-centers for the goddess Inanna.

Hammurabi--The sixth king of the Old Babylonian Dynasty. Ruler of Babylonia from 1728 B.C. to 1686 B.C..

Hursag-kalamma--One of the temples dedicated to the worship of the goddess Inanna and the god Zababa. Located in the ancient city Kish.

Igigi--The lesser gods who were attendants of the god Enlil.

iku--An ancient measurement of land equaled about 7/8 of an acre.

Inanna--The goddess and companion of the gods Anum and Zababa. She was worshiped in the temples Eanna and Hursag-kalamma.

Ishtar--The Semitic name of the goddess Inanna.

Isin--An ancient city south of Nippur in southern Babylonia. Conquered by Hammurabi in the 6th year of his reign. The Cult-center of the god Ninkarrak.

Kesh--An ancient city located near Lagash in central Babylonia. The Cult-center of the goddess Mamma.

Kish--An ancient city located in northeastern Babylonia wher the modern city Tell el-Oheimir, Iraq is located. The Cult-center of the god Zababa.

kur--An ancient of weight/size equal to a little more than 7 bushels. This unit is divided into 300 qu.

Kutha--An ancient city located in northern Babylonia where the modern city Tell Ibraham, Iraq is located.

Lagash--The twin city to Girsu located in central Babylonia where the modern city Telloh, Iraq is located.

Larsa--An ancient city located in southern Babylonia where the modern city Senkereh, Iraq is located. A Cult-center of the god Shamash. The city was conquered by Hammurabi in the 30th year of his rule. Bringing down the powerful king Rim-Sin ending his dynasty.

Lebettum--The god of bricklaying. Worshiped at  Esagila.

Mah--The god of the city of Adab. Worshiped in the temple Emah.

Malka--A city on the middle of the Euphrates River. Conquered by Hammurabi in the 9th year of his reign. The Cult-center of the god Enki and the goddess Damgalnunna.

mana--An ancient measurement of weight. About 500 grains or 60 shekels. About 30 grams.

Mamma--The goddess worshiped in the city of Kesh. Sometimes referred to by the name Nintu.

Marduk--The son of Enki and companion of Sarpanit. The god of Babylon and the Babylonian Empire. Worshipped in the temple Esagila in the city of Babylon.

Maskan-shabrim--A city not far from the ancient city Adab. Located at the modern city Dshir, Iraq.

Mera--A city along the middle Euphrates. Conquered by Hammurabi in the 32nd year of his reign. Believed to be the same city as Mari which was located where modern Tell Hariri, Iraq is located.

Meslam--The temple dedicated to the gods Erra and Nergal. Located in the ancient city of Kutha in northern Babylonia.

Nabum--The god of writing. The son of the god Marduk. Worshiped in the temple Ezida. Nabum is sometimes referred by the name Tutu which is usually used as title of the god Marduk.

Nergal--The god of the underworld. Associated with the god Erra. Worshiped in the temple Meslam.

Ninazu--The god of medicine. Worshiped at the temple Esikil.

Nineveh--The later capital of Assyria. Located on the Tigris River. A Cult-center of Inanna. Located at the modern city of Kouyunjik, Iraq.

Ningal--The companion of the god Sin. Worshiped in the temple Egishnugal.

Ningirsu--The city god of Girsu. Worshiped in the temple Eninnu.

Ninkarrak--The goddess of healing. Worshiped in the temple Egalmah.

Ninurta--See Zababa.

Nippur--An ancient city located in central Babylonia where the modern city of Nuffar,Iraq is located. The city in which the temple Ekur was located. The Cult-center of the god Enlil.

private citizen--A man, Middle class.

qu--An ancient measurement of grain. Equaled to 1/300 of a little more than 7 bushels. see kur.

Sarpanit--The female companion of the god Marduk.

se--an ancient monetary unit. Equaled to 1/180 of a shekel.

Shamash--The sun god and god of justice. The son of the god Sin. The companion of Aya. Worshiped in the temple Ebabbar.

shekel--An ancient measurement of weight equaled to about 8 grains. About 1/2 of a gram.

Sin--The moon god. The son of the god Enlil and father of the god Shamash. The companion of Ningal. Worshiped in the temple Egishnugal.

Sippar--The ancient city located in northern Babylonia where the modern city Abu Habba, Iraq is located. The Cult-center of the god Shamash.

stela--A stone monument on which the Code of Hammurabi is inscribed. The stone is about 8 feet in length and is made diorite. Currently at the Louvre Museum in Paris France.

Sumer--The ancient name for southern Babylonia.

Sumu-la-el--The second king of the old Babylonian Dynasty.

tablet--A clay tablet on which an agreement was written.

Telitum--A title for the goddess Inanna.

Tishpak--The chief god of the city of Eshnunna.

Tutu--see Nabum

Tutul--A city along the middle Euphrates River.

Ur--An ancient city located in southern Babylonia where the modern city Muqayyar, Iraq is located.

Urash--A Babylonian god whose Cult-center is located in the ancient city of Dilbat.

Uruk--An ancient city in southern Babylonia. The biblical city of Erech. Located at the present day city of Warka, Iraq. The city was conquered by Hammurabi in the 6th year of his reign. Cult-center for the god Anum and the goddess Inanna.

Zababa--A warrior god. A another name for Ninurta. Worshiped in the temple Emete-ursag.